Kinetics Corporation

Description
The Linear Heat Conduction HT01 apparatus is well designed to demonstrate the Fourier Rate equation to steady state conduction in one dimension: linear or radial. Since a small variation in thermal conductivity with temperature for metals for the temperature range of interest, we obtain linear variation of temperature in this experiment for steady linear conduction in metal. Hence, the Fourier Rate equation is approved by these experiments.

Heat from heater is conducted through the specimen that is at mid position and is interchangeable with other specimen of different material or different sectional area. The conducted heat through the specimen is reached to cooler where the cooling water takes away the heat. Heater and cooler are made of brass. Brass specimen, stainless steel specimen, aluminium specimen and smaller sectional area brass specimen are provided. Specimens, heater and cooler are insulated with heat resistant plastic.

Cooling water goes through the brass cooler in three passes for efficient heat removal from metal (brass). By this way the cooler temperature would not change after a certain amount of time, i.e. the steady state could be obtained.

An insulated circulated disk is used to demonstrate the radial conduction. An insulated 110 mm diameter brass disk 3.2 mm thick is heated in its center by a nominal 110 W heater which is fitted with a high temperature limit switch.

The peripheral of the disc is cooled by water passing through a copper tube bonded to the disc. Six K-type Linear Heat Conduction HT01 thermocouples are positioned at 10 mm radial increments from the heated center to the periphery.

Range of Experiments
1. Demonstration of Fourier Rate Equation
2. Define Thermal Conductivity: k of different materials
3. The temperature distribution for uniform plane wall (brass specimen) and composite plane wall (other specimens) can be found and plotted. The different temperature gradient for different material can be seen because of different thermal conductivity
4. By measuring the heater electrical energy supply which can be assumed as amount of conducted heat and measuring the eight numbers of temperature data along the linear conduction path, the thermal conductivity of specimen material can be calculated. Similarly the thermal conductivity can be found from radial conduction disc.
5. Radial temperature distribution can be found for radial heat conduction.
6. Since the heater, cooler and specimen (at mid) are not an integral part in linear conduction, there is two contacts between the specimen and others. The heat has to conduct through these contacts which have thermal resistant. The contact resistant of these contacts can be found from obtained temperature distribution along heater, specimen and cooler.
7.Using the supplied thermal paste, it can be seen that the thermal contact resistant is greatly reduced by using the thermal paste.

Features
1. Demonstrates the fundamental laws of heat transfer by radiation using heat source
2. Demonstrates the fundamental laws of heat transfer by radiation using light source

Description
With the exception of the electrical and instrument panel, all components are mounted on a horizontal double rail track carried on supports with adjustable legs. At one end of the track is a plane black radiation source consisting of an electrically heated plate mounted in a casing so that its exposed face is in a plane perpendicular to the track.

At the other end of the track is a diffused light source mounted in a way which may be rotated about a vertical axis. On the track between these sources may be placed either a heat radiation meter (radiometer) or a light meter, according to which source is in use. These meters indicate the intensity of heat or light received at their location.

In addition a number of accessories may be fitted to the track for a variety of experiments. The accessories include
1. metal plates with attached thermocouple
2. two metal plates mounted so that the aperture between them can be varied
3. three acrylic filters.

The meter and all accessories are mounted in suitable carriers which position them about the center line of the sources and a linear scale on the track assists accurate positioning. Electrical power for the radiant source is supplied from a regulator in the instrument panel.

Also house in the panel are
1. a digital indicator which displays the temperature sensed by thermocouples, and
2. a digital indicator displaying the intensity of radiation received by the radiometer.
3. a digital indicator displaying the intensity of light received by the light sensor.
4. A watt meter display the amount of electrical energy used by the heater.

The light meter used in conjunction with the light source is of a standard industrial type displaying the light intensity on scale fitted on the instrument.

When using the radiant source and radiometer it is important that unwanted source of radiation (e.g. direct sunlight) are eliminated. Similarly, when using the light source and light meter, the unit should be in a darkened room.

Range of Experiments
1. Demonstration of inverse square law
2. Investigation of the relationship between temperature of a surface and the rate at which heat is radiated.
3. Demonstration of Kirchoff’s Law applied to radiation.
4. Effect of interconnecting geometry between radiating surfaces.
5. Demonstration of Lamberts Cosine Law.

Features
Simple experimental set-up to investigate the thermal conductivity of liquids and gasses

Description
This bench-top unit enables experiments to be performed on finding thermal conductivity of liquid and gaseous materials. It comprises a cylindrical heat exchanger with a heated inner cylinder made of aluminium and a water-cooled jacket. The medium for the experiment is fed through a gap. The gap between the two elements was selected so that the transfer of heat due to convection can be ignored. Due to the low temperatures and the polished surfaces, the radiation portion of the heat transfer is also negligible. Thermocouples measure the temperature difference.

A supply of cooling water is required.

Experiments
1. Steady-state heat conduction in gases and liquids
2. Determination coefficients of thermal conductivity (e.g. water, oil, air, O₂, CO₂, steam)

Features
A small scale air conditioning unit that incorporates all of the major components of both industrial, commercial and domestic units. The processes of air movement, heating, cooling, humidifying and dehumidifying may be carried out and evaluated in detail using psychrometric chart.

Description
The ducting and the components are supported on a steel frame with lockable castors. The unit comes with a boiler (for humidification) and refrigeration plant (for cooling and de humidification) which are housed in the lower part of the frame. Air from the atmosphere enters a variable speed centrifugal fan before going into the ducting. While the air is entering the fan, steam can be injected to increase the moisture contents so that a homogenous mixture of air and steam flows into the duct.Upon leaving the fan the air passes over a pre-heater. The warmed air then enters a stabilizing section where its condition is determined by temperature and humidity sensors. Next the air flows through the evaporator of the refrigeration unit where it may be cooled and will deposit some of its moisture content as liquid. The cool and drier air passes into another stabilizing section with temperature and humidity sensors after passing over a re-heater.

Range of Experiments
1. To study the process of humidification, pre-heating, cooling and de humidification, and re-heating of air conditioning.
2. To obtain experimental data for air so that the state points may be plotted on a psychrometric chart.

Features
1. Refrigeration Circuit with Cooling and Deep-Freezing Stages
2. Usage of industrial components
3. Function and operation of important industrial components
4. Fault simulation, fault-finding and fixing

Description
The system contains a normal cooling circuit and a deep-freezing circuit. Both are supplied from a powerful semi-hermetic type reciprocating compressor. The unit is equipped with a capacity control regulator, evaporation and intake pressure regulator, heat exchanger, oil separator, starting controller, defrosting heater and many other features of industrial refrigeration systems.

Using this equipment, students can be familiar with the basic layout of a refrigeration system and with a normal stage and a deep-freezing stage. They can have

(i) familiarisation with the key components of a refrigeration system and their function (ii) finding faults and defective components in refrigeration systems (iii) familiarisation with cyclic processes (iii) illustration of the cyclic process on a p-h state diagram. They also can have basic thermodynamic calculations, such as refrigerating capacity, mechanical and thermal efficiency, energy balances, etc.

The software features (i) Schematic representation of the experiments showing the measuring points and values (ii) p-h state diagrams for freezer and cooler (iii) printout of screens (iv) graphical representation of measured values as a function of time and (v) saving experimental results.

The necessary instrumentation is incorporated to measure pressure and temperature at all interesting points. Instrumentation also includes refrigerant flow rate measurement rotameters, sight glasses for viewing state of refrigerant. The measured data from electronic sensors can be forwarded to a data acquisition card and processed by a PC.

Integrated into the system are 25 fault circuits, these simulate typical problems that occur on refrigeration systems. The faults can be activated using pushbutton switches.

A three-phase mains supply is required for operation.

Experiments
1. To study and analyse the basic layout of a refrigeration system with a normal cooling and deep-freezing stage
2. To study the function of basic components of refrigeration system
3. Fault study and defective components
4. To analyse cyclic processes
5. To illustrate the cyclic process on a p-h diagram
6. To calculate basic thermodynamic parameters

Description
This HT09 Thermal conductivity of Building & Insulating Materials let us perform experiments on steadystate heat conduction in non-metallic materials such as polystyrene, PMMA, cork or plaster in accordance with ISO 8301. Specimen sheets are placed between a heater plate and a thermoelectrically cooled plate. The heater plate is raised and lowered by a screw handle mechanism situated on top of the enclosure. A dial indicator enables the thickness of the specimen under test to be determined. . The heat flow sensor measures the heat transfer rate. The unit is controlled by a touch screen PLC with Human Machine Interface. The PLC can operate stand alone for thermal conductivity measurement or the PLC can be controlled by the PC for temperature set points of hot and cold plate and data acquisition to PC. The software on PC can analyze data, draw and print graph & results.

Experiments
- Determination of thermal conductivity of different materials
- Determination of thermal resistance
- Thermal conductivity of several specimens connected in series (up to a thickness of 50 mm)

Description
The unit is supplied with a packed column having packing density of approximately 110 m2/m3. The unit mainly cof a load tank with 0.5 kW and 1.0 kW kW electric heaters, air distribution chamber, a make-up tank and a test column.

Warm water is pumped from the load tank to the top of the column before being uniformly distributed over the top packing. The thin film of water is cooled, as it passes downward, due to evaporation. The cooled water falls into the basin before going back into the load tank where it is reheated and re-circulated. The load-tank water level is maintained by means of a make-up tank

A blower is installed on the unit to deliver air into the air distribution chamber. The airpasses a wet and dry bulb thermometers before entering the column. As the air passes up the column, its moisture content increases and the water is cooled. At the top of the colum, the air passes a mist eliminator before being discharged to atmosphere.

Range of Experiments
1. Process observation inside a bench top cooling tower
2. Determination of evaporation speed
3. Mass balance, use pshycromatic charts
4. Energy balance
5. Effect of cooling load against “Wet bulb approach”
6. Relation between air velocity, wet bulb approch and head loss
7. Determination of cooling cap
8. Thermodynamic properties
9. Evaporation from wet bed

Features
1. Demonstration of evaporation in heated pipes
2. Double-wall pipe evaporator made of glass

Description
The process of evaporation in heated pipes that occurs in water-tube boilers can be demonstrated. The different phases that appear during evaporation in the pipe can be clearly seen. The double-wall glass evaporation pipe allows the evaporation process to be observed closely. Hot water flows through the outer pipe and evaporates the medium in the inner pipe. The liquid used starts to evaporate at 40 to 50?C. Low system pressures can be generated with the built-in water-jet vacuum pump. The pipe systems are clearly laid out on a metal panel. The hot water circuit consists of an expansion vessel, a circulating pump and heater. An evaporation pipe, vapour collector, water-cooled condenser and return pipe form the evaporation circuit.

A supply of water is necessary for operation.

Experiments
1. Effect of flow rate temperature pressure on the evaporation process.
2. Observation of typical forms of evaporation such as:
- Single phase liquid flow
- Bubble flow
- Slug flow
- Annular flow
- Droplets flow (mist flow)
- Single phase vapour flow

Features
- investigation of cross flow heat exchange
- between single/multiple tube(s) and cross air flow
- between finned multiple tubes and cross airflow

Description
The equipment enables students to rapidly assess heat transfer rates by forced convection. The apparatus is bench mounting. It consists of a horizontal wind tunnel with a contraction cone, a working section, a diffuser, a constant speed fan, and an exhaust with silencer. A shutter controls the airflow.

The working section includes a series of rods arranged in a matrix and at rightangles to the direction of airflow. A thermocouple at the inlet to the wind tunnel measures the temperature of air entering the heat exchanger. The base of the working section includes two static pressure tappings: one before the rods and one afterwards.

These enable students to measure the static pressure difference across the rods. A Pitot traverse can measure air velocity at any vertical point in the workingsection, either before or after the rods.

Three heat exchange surfaces are provided. A plate consists a single central hole and another plate consists of six rows of tube bank with a rmovable tube in nthe center of each row. An electrically heated cylindrical element with a integral surface thermocouple is supplied which may be inserted in the apertures in each of the two plates. The third plate consists of a four row finned tube bank with a removable finned tube in the center of each row.

The equipment includes a separate instrumentation unit. The instrumentation unit has two inputs for the thermocouples, and quick release couplings for connection to the pressure tappings. It also includes a controlled heat source for the copper element.

A digital display on the front of the instrumentation unit allows students to view all experiment data. Data Acquisition System enables accurate real-time data capture, monitoring, display, calculation and charting of all relevant parameters on a PC.

Range of Experiments
1. Determination of surface heat transfer coefficient for a single tube in a transversely flowing air stream
2. Determination of surface heat transfer coefficient for tubes in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th rows of a cross flow heat exchanger in a transversely flowing air stream
3. Determination of surface heat transfer coefficient for finned tubes in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th rows of a cross flow heat exchanger in a transversely flowing air stream
4. Deduction of the relationship between Nusselt, Reynolds and Prandtl Numbers for each of six tube rows

Features
1. Performance of a refrigerator
2. The cycle efficiency

Description
The domestic refrigerator trainer allows detecting and analysing the behaviour of the thermodynamic cycle in domestic refrigerators. It is focused on problems related to the refrigerant gas condensation, due to the low convection in the limited spaces where they are frequently installed. For this reason, another convector is added to the standard configuration, which can be connected in series to the first one, in order to ensure excellent condensation even under extremely demanding working conditions.

Range of Experiments
Measurement and analysis of the pressure, temperature and flow conditions along the circuit in order to determine:
1. The heat transfer coefficients of the condenser and the evaporator
2. The heat balances of the evaporator, the condenser, the compressor
3. The cycle indicated efficiency, the real efficiency of the plant
4. The compressor volumetric efficiency.

Description
The HT22 Tray Drier has been designed for student laboratory training programmes in unit operations. The unit resembles the most commonly used industrial method of drying solids in bulk where hot air stream is passed over fixed trays of wet material. Students will able to vary the operating conditions Air is drawn into the chamber by means of axial flow fan located at one end of the tunnel. The fan speed may be regulated to vary the air velocity through the drier. The unit comes with a bank of electrically heated elements upstream of the drying compartment to increase the air temperature.

The heaters come with a variable power input. The 0.04 m3 drying compartment is fitted with a transparent access door. A rack of trays capable of holding approximately 3 kg of solids, is suspended from the arm of a digital balance which is mounted on top of the drying compartment. The ducting upstream and downstream of the drying compartment has been designed to produce a uniform airflow over the trays.

The unit comes with instruments for the measurement of temperature and humidity before and after the heating/drying section. The complete unit is mounted at bench height to allow convenient operation and measurement, and collect data to demonstrate both the theoretical and practical aspects of industrial drying practice.

Safety Features
- The unit comes with these safety features:
- Earth Leakage (Residual Current) circuit breaker for protection from electric shock.
- The heating elements may only be switched on when the axial flow fan is operating.
- The fan comes with a preset minimum speed in order to prevent damage to the heater elements through overheating.
- The heater elements are further protected by a temperature switch in the event of interruption of the air flow.

Experiments
- use of psychrometric charts
- energy balances
- mass balances
- demonstration of drying rate regimes
- heat and mass transfer analogies
- drying tests on solid for industrial use
- effect of temperature, air velocity on drying rate